Dietary Changes for Hard StoolsHard Stools can be prevented by simple dietary and lifestyle changes. Improper dietary habits and unbalanced diet can be a major cause of hard stools. Mostly, people get relieved by modifying their diet and do not require any medical assistance.

Foods to be Avoided to Prevent Hard Stool Specific dietary habits and foods lead to production of hard stools. People suffering from chronic constipation may develop bleeding hemorrhoids in their anus and rectum. By avoiding certain food items, production of hard stools can be prevented. These include:

Consuming low-fiber diet such as white bread, white rice, pasta, meat, eggs, canned fruits and canned vegetables and fruits without pulp.
Fatty foods harden the stool. Fatty food move slowly in the bowel and allow re-absorption of water from the stool and they become harder. Fatty foods include such as whole milk, ice cream, whole-fat yogurt, French fries, butter and salad dressings.
Processed foods contain less amount of fiber. You should limit consumption of processed food such as crackers, prepackaged meals, cakes and donuts.
Reduce consumption of alcohol and caffeinated beverages such as tea, coffee and cola drinks. It is fruitful to a have an extra glass of water than tea, coffee or alcoholic drink. If hard stool continues for a longer time, it can also result in seepage of blood in stool.

Dietary ModificationsYou should consume 20-35 grams of fiber daily in your diet. It helps in the formation of soft and bulky stool. Fiber is made by plants and is not digested by the human digestive system. Different types of fibers within the intestine bind to water and keep the water in the intestine. It adds bulk to the stool and the water softens its.

The most common fiber rich foods include:

Fruits such as apple peal, dates, papaya, mangos, oranges, pears, kiwis, strawberries, raisins contain moderate amount of fiber. Fruits containing high amount of fiber include cooked prunes and dried figs.
Vegetables such as beets, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, carrots, corn, green beans, green peas, spinach, potato and avocado can be consumed.
Bread such as whole wheat bread, granola bread, wheat bran muffins and popcorn caontain moderate fiber.
Cereal such as bran flakes, raisin bran, shredded wheat, oatmeal, muslix, oat bran contain moderate amount of fiber. Cereals rich in fiber such as all-bran, bran bud, corn bran and fiber one.
Meat substitutes such as peanut butter and nuts can also be eaten.
Patients suffering from chronic constipation can take any of these fiber supplements:

Psyllium seed such as Metamucil
Synthetic Methylcellulose such as Citrucel
Polycarbophil or polycarbophil along with calcium
Maltsupex is an extract of fiber, which softens the stool in other ways than by increasing fiber content.
There are two types of fibers: Soluble and insoluble fibers.

Soluble fibers soak up the moisture in food products and allow slow digestion. It allows a regular bowel movement for an individual. Foods rich in soluble fiber include:

Oranges
Apples
Carrot
Oatmeal
Flax seed
Insoluble fibers add bulk to your stool. It helps in relieving constipation if consumed along with sufficient amount of water. Insoluble fibers also help in removal of toxins from your body.

Excessive fiber consumption in the diet can lead to increased gas production. This occurs due to digestion of fiber by gut bacteria. Gas is produced as a byproduct during digestion. Different fiber sources produce varying amount of gas upon their digestion.

Along with consumption of high fiber diet, you should drink lots of water. Water prevents hardening of fiber and its blockage in the intestine. This prevents build up of fiber in the digestive tract and allows its easy removal from the body.

Consumption of a specific fiber source depends upon your medical condition. Example: people who have narrowed colons due to adhesions or strictures should consult a doctor before making any dietary changes and diabetic patients should consume less-sugar containing fiber sources or sugar-free fiber supplements.

Pharmaceutical products are one of the most vulnerable goods for counterfeiting practices worldwide. Counterfeiting practices involve substitution of original medicine with substandard drug containing toxic substance or no active ingredient at all. Anti-counterfeiting technologies are applied to nullify adverse impact on health of patients, which may lead to death of patient in extreme cases. Pharmaceutical industry has one of the highly complex supply chain management network, which makes it relatively difficult to track products from end to end platform, thereby increasing demand for counterfeiting practice. Unlike other products in which counterfeiting practices could be identified with visual appearance of the product by the end user, pharmaceutical products could not be identified for their spurious content by the end user or other stake holder.

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Moreover, various patented products of high price are counterfeited with spurious content to gain high profit. Anti-counterfeiting technologies consist of different types such as track and trace technologies, cohort technologies, overt technologies, and forensic technologies. Drugs that are commonly counterfeited include birth control drugs, anti-malarial, and other lifesaving drugs. Although there is a rapid change in technology landscape such as availability of smartphones, burden of anti-counterfeiting practices are increasingly shared by the end users.

Pharmaceutical anti-counterfeiting technologies market is majorly driven by the increasing incidence of counterfeiting medicines affecting patient health and overall human capital. According to the International Trade Administration Top Market Reports on Pharmaceuticals published in 2016, the global market for counterfeit drugs valued at number of US$ 75 – 200 billion, which is a serious threat to the health of people worldwide. In 2017, the Pharmaceutical Security Institute (PSI) report stated a rise in drug diversion incidents around the world, which includes diversion of medicines supplied for compassionate use.

Pneumonia is a lung infection caused by bacteria, viruses or fungi, primarily affecting the small sir sacs known as alveoli. The most common bacterial type that causes pneumonia is Streptococcus pneumoniae. The symptoms for pneumonia include, fever, chills, cough, shortness of breath and fatigue. To detect whether, a person has pneumonia are blood tests, chest X-ray, pulse oximetry, and Sputum test. Further, if the patients is older than age 65, additional tests are included for detection of pneumonia. For instance, CT scan, Pleural fluid culture.

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The blood tests are used to confirm an infection and to try to identify the type of organism causing the infection, but however precise identification is not always possible through the blood tests. Further, the chest X-ray also helps the doctor to diagnose pneumonia and determine the extent and location of the infection. The chest X-ray can also detect the kind of germ is causing pneumonia. The pulse oximetry test is performed to measure the oxygen level in the blood, as Pneumonia can prevents lungs from moving enough oxygen into the bloodstream. Besides all these test the sputum test is used to analyses or pinpoint the cause of the infection with the sample of fluid from lungs, which is taken after deep cough.

Furthermore, if the pneumonia isn’t clearing as quickly as expected the doctors recommend a chest CT scan to obtain a more detailed image of the lungs. Moreover, if the patients shows serious symptoms or health conditions pleural fluid culture test is carried out where a fluid sample is taken by putting a needle between the ribs from the pleural area to analyze the type of infection.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major type of primary liver cancer that arises from the liver cells or hepatocytes. The disease is found to occur mainly in patients with hepatitis B, hepatitis C, cirrhosis, obesity, and diabetes. Diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma is mainly done by imaging tests such as ultrasound, MRI, CT scan, and liver biopsy. Treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma mainly includes radiation therapy, ablation therapy in addition to chemotherapy and targeted drug therapy.

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A majority of the HCC patients are diagnosed at the end-stage of liver dysfunction. Due to poor prognosis of the condition, mortality rate is approximately the same as the incidence rate. Therefore, early detection of the cancer is an important parameter to improve the survival of affected patients, thus aiding in growth of the global hepatocellular carcinoma drugs market.

Increasing incidence of global hepatocellular carcinoma cases is a major factor augmenting market growth. According to the research by International Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment, 2014, HCC is the sixth most common type of cancer worldwide and third most common cause of death worldwide, fifth for men and eighth for women. The disease accounts for more than 5% of all cancers and for 80-90% of primary liver cancers. Also, according to the Addis Ababa University, 2017, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounted to 854,000 new cases of liver cancer and 810,000 related deaths in 2015. Furthermore, increasing incidence and mortality of hepatocellular carcinoma is attributed to the emergence of new risk factors such as hepatitis B and C viral infections, metabolic disorders such as diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and exposure to toxins such as alcohol and aflatoxin.